Clinical, biochemical, and molecular characterization of mild (nonclassic) rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata.

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a heterogenous group of disorders due to defects in genes encoding peroxisomal proteins required for plasmalogen (PL) biosynthesis, specifically PEX7 and PEX5 receptors, or GNPAT, AGPS and FAR1 enzymes. Most patients have congenital cataract and skeletal dysplasia. In the classic form, there is profound growth restriction and psychomotor delays, with most patients not advancing past infantile developmental milestones. Disease severity correlates to erythrocyte PL levels, which are almost undetectable in severe (classic) RCDP. In milder (nonclassic) forms, residual PL levels are associated with improved growth and development. However, the clinical course of this milder group remains largely unknown as only a few cases were reported. Using as inclusion criteria the ability to communicate and walk, we identified 16 individuals from five countries, ages 5-37 years, and describe their clinical, biochemical and molecular profiles. The average age at diagnosis was 2.6 years and most had cataract, growth deficiency, joint contractures, and developmental delays. Other major symptoms were learning disability (87%), behavioral issues (56%), seizures (43%), and cardiac defects (31%). All patients had decreased C16:0 PL levels that were higher than in classic RCDP, and up to 43% of average controls. Plasma phytanic acid levels were elevated in most patients. There were several common, and four novel, PEX7, and GNPAT hypomorphic alleles in this cohort. These results can be used to support earlier diagnosis and improve management in patients with mild RCDP.

[Peroxisomal disorder, rhizomelyc chondrodysplasia punctata type 1: case report]. / Enfermedad peroxisomal, condrodisplasia rizomelica punctata tipo 1: reporte de caso.

INTRODUCTION: Peroxisomal diseases are a group of monogenic disorders that include defects in peroxisome biogenesis or enzyme dificiencies. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) belongs to the first group, caused by autosomal recessive mutations on PEX7 gene, encoding for PTS2 receptor. The aims of this report are to describe a genetic disease of low prevalence, explaining its main characteristics and the importance of the diagnostic approach and genetic counseling. CASE REPORT: 13-month-old male infant with no medical history, family or consanguinity, demonstrate at birth upper limbs shortening. Surgery intervention at seven months old for bilateral cataract. Growth retardation, psychomotor retardation, minor craniofacial anomalies, rhyzomelic shortened upper limbs and lower limbs lesser degree. Punctata calcifications in patella cartilage. Also fatty acid phytanic and pristanic increased levels. Patient dead at age of 3 years. DISCUSSION: RCDP1 is a rare disease, with a prevalence of 1/100,000. Different mutations of PEX7 gene have been described, with variations in phenotype. The treatment is basically symptomatic and depends on the severity of clinical manifestations. The rhizomelic type has poor prognosis, most patients do not survive before the first decade of live. Genetic counseling is essential because it is consider a 25% risk of recurrence.

Growth charts for individuals with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata.

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a class of peroxisomal disorders characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis. There are multiple recognized types of RCDP, all of which have autosomal recessive inheritance, and their associated genes are known: RCDP type 1 with PEX7, RCDP type 2 with GNPAT, RCDP type 3 with AGPS, RCDP type 4 with FAR1, and RCDP type 5 with PEX5. Among other medical/developmental issues, plasmalogen deficiency has a direct effect on bone growth and results in postnatal growth failure, the severity of which corresponds to the degree of plasmalogen deficiency. In order to document growth in patients with RCDP, we present detailed growth curves for length, weight, and head circumference derived from retrospective data from 23 individuals with RCDP types 1 and 2 confirmed by molecular and/or biochemical studies. We stratified growth curves by age as well as by plasmalogen level, with those with higher plasmalogens grouped as "non-classic." The growth charts presented here provide guidance to families and physician caretakers on the natural course of growth in individuals with RCDP during infancy into early childhood, and thus will have particular utility in setting expectations and guiding optimal feeding interventions in this population.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Enfermedad peroxisomal, condrodisplasia rizomelica punctata tipo 1: reporte de caso / Peroxisomal disorder, rhizomelyc chondrodysplasia punctata type 1: case report

Introducción: Las enfermedades peroxisomales son un grupo de trastornos monogénicos que incluyen desórdenes en la biogénesis del peroxisoma o deficiencias enzimáticas. La Condrodisplasia Rizomélica Punctata Tipo 1 (RCDP1) pertenece al primer grupo, es autosómica recesiva originada por mutaciones del gen PEX7, que codifica para el receptor PTS2. El objetivo del presente artículo son describir una enfermedad genética de baja prevalencia, explicando sus principales características y la importancia de la aproximación diagnóstica y asesoría genética. Caso clínico: Lactante masculino de 13 meses, sin antecedentes familiares ni consanguinidad. Al nacimiento presentaba acortamiento de miembros superiores. Fue intervenido a los 7 meses por catarata bilateral. Presentaba severo retardo del crecimiento, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, anomalías menores craneofaciales, acortamiento rizomélico de miembros superiores y en menor grado de miembros inferiores. En la radiografía se identificaban calcificaciones punteadas del cartílago en rótula. Entre los exámenes de laboratorio destacaba elevación de los ácidos grasos fitánico y pristánico. El paciente falleció a la edad de 3 años. Discusión: Esta es una enfermedad rara, la prevalencia es 1/100.000, se han descrito diferentes mutaciones del gen PEX7 teniendo variación en el fenotipo. El tratamiento es básicamente sintomático y depende de la gravedad de las manifestaciones clínicas, el tipo rizomélico es de mal pronóstico, la mayoría de los pacientes no sobrevive antes de la primera década de vida. La asesoría genética es fundamental ya que se considera un riesgo del 25% de recurrencia.

Introduction: Peroxisomal diseases are a group of monogenic disorders that include defects in peroxisome biogenesis or enzyme dificiencies. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) belongs to the first group, caused by autosomal recessive mutations on PEX7 gene, encoding for PTS2 receptor. The aims of this report are to describe a genetic disease of low prevalence, explaining its main characteristics and the importance of the diagnostic approach and genetic counseling. Case report: 13-month-old male infant with no medical history, family or consanguinity, demonstrate at birth upper limbs shortening. Surgery intervention at seven months old for bilateral cataract. Growth retardation, psychomotor retardation, minor craniofacial anomalies, rhyzomelic shortened upper limbs and lower limbs lesser degree. Punctata calcifications in patella cartilage. Also fatty acid phytanic and pristanic increased levels. Patient dead at age of 3 years. Discussion: RCDP1 is a rare disease, with a prevalence of 1/100,000. Different mutations of PEX7 gene have been described, with variations in phenotype. The treatment is basically symptomatic and depends on the severity of clinical manifestations. The rhizomelic type has poor prognosis, most patients do not survive before the first decade of live. Genetic counseling is essential because it is consider a 25% risk of recurrence.

Clinical and Biochemical Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Peroxisomal Disorders.

Peroxisomal disorders are a heterogeneous group of genetic metabolic disorders, caused by a defect in peroxisome biogenesis or a deficiency of a single peroxisomal enzyme. The peroxisomal disorders include the Zellweger spectrum disorders, the rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata spectrum disorders, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and multiple single enzyme deficiencies. There are several core phenotypes caused by peroxisomal dysfunction that clinicians can recognize. The diagnosis is suggested by biochemical testing in blood and urine and confirmed by functional assays in cultured skin fibroblasts, followed by mutation analysis. This review describes the phenotype of the main peroxisomal disorders and possible pitfalls in (laboratory) diagnosis to aid clinicians in the recognition of this group of diseases.

Targeted carrier screening for four recessive disorders: high detection rate within a founder population.

In a genetically isolated community in the Netherlands four severe recessive genetic disorders occur at relatively high frequency (pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2 (PCH2), fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS), rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1), and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type IIB/III. Over the past decades multiple patients with these disorders have been identified. This warranted the start of a preconception outpatient clinic, in 2012, aimed at couples planning a pregnancy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the offer of targeted genetic carrier screening as a method to identify high-risk couples for having affected offspring in this high-risk subpopulation. In one year, 203 individuals (92 couples and 19 individuals) were counseled. In total, 65 of 196 (33.2%) tested individuals were carriers of at least one disease, five (7.7%) of them being carriers of two diseases. Carrier frequencies of PCH2, FADS, RCDP1, and OI were 14.3%, 11.2%, 6.1%, and 4.1% respectively. In individuals with a positive family history for one of the diseases, the carrier frequency was 57.8%; for those with a negative family history this was 25.8%. Four PCH2 carrier-couples were identified. Thus, targeted (preconception) carrier screening in this genetically isolated population in which a high prevalence of specific disorders occurs detects a high number of carriers, and is likely to be more effective compared to cascade genetic testing. Our findings and set-up can be seen as a model for carrier screening in other high-risk subpopulations and contributes to the discussion about the way carrier screening can be offered and organized in the general population.

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata with maternal systemic lupus erythromatosus.

We report Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RDCP), a rare, autosomal recessive disorder with rhizomelic shortening of limbs, congenital cataracts and seizures but without any biochemical abnormality. The mother of the baby developed Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE) with Ro/SSA antibodies 11 months after delivery. Ro/SSA antibodies may generate calreticulin antibodies causing characteristic skeletal changes.

Condrodisplasia «punctata» rizomélica clásica: comunicación de dos casos con las formas grave y benigna de la afección / Classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: report of 2 cases with two forms of the disease

La condrodisplasia punctata rizomélica clásica (RCDP) es una rara enfermedad multisistémica autosómica recesiva, debida a una alteración del metabolismo peroxisomal que determina una deficiencia de la biosíntesis de plasmalógenos y de la alfaoxidación del ácido fitánico. Se caracteriza por la presencia desde el nacimiento de un acortamiento proximal de las extremidades, calcificaciones periarticulares, dismorfia facial, retraso del desarrollo y mortalidad precoz. Se presentan dos casos de RCDP clásica, o tipo I, con las dos formas clínicas de presentación, grave o mortal y leve o benigna, en relación con la existencia de actividad enzimática residual, y se revisan sus principales aspectos clínicos(AU)

Classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (CRCP) is a rare multisystem disease, autosomal recessive disorder. It is due because a peroxisomal metabolism alteration that determine deficiency of the plasmalogen biosynthesis and the alpha oxidation of phytanic acid. It is characterized by proximal shortening of the limbs, punctuate calcifications of the epiphyses, facial dysmorphia, developmental delay and early lethality. We present two cases of CRCP type I with two different forms of presentation, one severe and another one mild or bening, in relation with the residual enzyme activity and we revise the main clinical aspects(AU)

Peroxisomal leukoencephalopathy.

Peroxisomal leukoencephalopathies include diseases belonging to the Zellweger spectrum and the rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata spectrum, as well as some single enzyme defects of peroxisomal ß-oxidation. The authors present information on the clinical and diagnostic approach, and the characteristics of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in these diseases. MRIs of patients belonging to the Zellweger spectrum may show developmental anomalies and regressive changes consisting of abnormal cerebral white matter. Involvement of the central white matter of the cerebellar hemispheres is frequently seen. The leukoencephalopathy is progressive, with or without peripheral nerve involvement, in patients with a prolonged course of the disease. MRI characteristics in the severe phenotype of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata include supratentorial white matter abnormalities, with a parietooccipital predominance. Demyelinative lesions are the hallmark of the cerebral form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and may appear in a similar way in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy progressing to a cerebral form. The diagnosis of a peroxisomal disorder can be determined by a battery of biochemical assays in blood and/or urine, and should be confirmed in cultured fibroblasts and DNA analysis. Treatment of the peroxisomal leukoencephalopathies is largely symptomatic, except for boys affected by the cerebral form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in whom a bone marrow/hematopoietic stem cell transplant can be lifesaving, at least in the early stages of the disease.

Clinical and molecular analysis of UAE fibrochondrogenesis patients expands the phenotype and reveals two COL11A1 homozygous null mutations.

Fibrochondrogenesis is documented to be a neonatally lethal rare recessively inherited disorder characterized by short-limbed skeletal dysplasia. Here we report two patients from two unrelated consanguineous Emirati families who have unexpectedly survived till the ages of 3 and 6 years. These patients show additional symptoms which include developmental delay, profound sensory-neural deafness, severe myopia and progressive severe skeletal abnormalities. Linkage of fibrochondrogenesis in the Emirati families to chromosome 1 has been established using homozygosity mapping confirming recent findings by Tompson et al. in 2010. Screening of the COL11A1 gene revealed two null homozygous mutations [c.4084C>T (p.R1362X) and c.3708+437T>G] in the aforementioned two families. The c.4084C>T mutation is predicted to introduce a stop codon at position Arg1362, whereas the c.3708+437T>G mutation causes the activation of an intronic pseudoexon between exons 48 and 49. This resulted in the insertion of 50 nucleotides into the mRNA. The carriers of these mutations display ocular defects with normal hearing. In conclusion, our data shall improve the overall understanding of fibrochondrogenesis especially in surviving homozygous patients and, at least partly, explain the phenotypic variability associated with COL11A1 gene mutations.

Severe rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata in a fetus due to maternal mixed connective tissue disorder.

Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune diseases have been extremely rarely reported to cause rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. We report on a fetus aborted spontaneously at 21 weeks of gestation due to complications of maternal mixed connective tissue disorder. The fetus had micrognathia, a depressed nasal bridge, flat nose, long philtrum, short columella and rhizomelia. Radiographic study showed stippling of carpal and tarsal bones, short humeri and coronal clefts in the vertebrae. Ossification centers were present at the lower end of the femora and upper end of the tibiae.

Malformaciones esqueléticas: diagnóstico ecográfico y resultados perinatales / Skeletal malformations: ultrasound diagnosis and perinatal results

Introducción. la incidencia de las alteraciones del desarrollo de las estructuras osteocartilaginosas fetales es baja. Aunque su diagnóstico ecográfico es sencillo, especialmente en las osteocondrodisplasias letales, llegar a un diagnóstico etiológico es complicado. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los hallazgos ecográficos y resultados perinatales de las malformaciones esqueléticas diagnosticadas en nuestro centro. Material y métodos. estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de serie de casos. Se incluyeron las malformaciones esqueléticas diagnosticadas prenatalmente en la Sección de Medicina Fetal del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (noviembre de 2004-febrero de 2010). Los casos se clasificaron en defectos del esqueleto axial o radial, tanto focales aislados como cuadros generalizados de displasias óseas. Se analizaron la edad gestacional al diagnóstico, los defectos congénitos asociados y los resultados perinatales. Resultados. durante el período de estudio se registraron 56 casos. La edad gestacional media al diagnóstico fue de 23,7 semanas (rango 12-37; desviación estándar 7,25). Veintiséis (46,4%) se presentaron como malformación aislada; 14 (25%) asociadas a otras malformaciones, y 16 (28,6%) en el contexto de un síndrome polimalformativo. De los 29 (51,8%) casos en que se realizó estudio citogenético, en 10 (34,5%) se diagnóstico una cromosomopatía. En 40 casos (71,4%) el diagnóstico fue de anomalía focal del esqueleto radial; en 5 (8,9%), de anomalía del esqueleto axial, y en 14 (25%), de osteocondrodisplasia. Sólo en 11 casos se estableció un diagnóstico nosológico. La supervivencia en el período neonatal fue del 61,1% (33/54). Conclusiones. las malformaciones esqueléticas se asocian frecuentemente a otros defectos congénitos, de difícil diagnóstico etiológico y con una alta tasa de resultado perinatal adverso(AU)

Introduction. The incidence of disorders in the development of foetal bone and cartilage structures is low. Although ultrasound diagnosis is easy, especially in lethal skeletal dysplasias, to reach an aetiological diagnosis can be difficult. The aim of this study was to present the ultrasound findings and perinatal outcomes of skeletal malformations diagnosed in our centre. Material and methods. A retrospective descriptive study of case series. Skeletal malformations prenatally diagnosed in the Foetal Medicine Unit at the Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital (HGUGM) Madrid between November 2004 and February 2010 were included. Cases were classified as axial or radial skeletal defects, including isolated defects, as well as generalised skeletal dysplasias. Gestational age at diagnosis, presence of associated congenital defects and perinatal outcome were recorded. Results. A total of 56 cases were included during the study period. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 23.7 weeks (range 11-36, standard deviation 7.25). Twenty-six (46.4%) occurred as an isolated malformation, 14 (25%) associated to other malformations, and 16 (28.6%) as a multiple malformation syndrome. Among the 29 (51.8%) cases in which a cytogenetic study was performed, 10 (34.5%) had a chromosomal abnormality. The diagnosis was a radial skeletal focal anomaly in 40 cases (71.4%); anomalies of the axial skeleton in 5 (8.9%); and osteochondrodysplasia in 14 (25%). A nosological diagnosis was established in only 11 cases. Neonatal survival was 61.1% (33/54). Conclusions. Skeletal malformations are often associated with other congenital defects. Aetiological diagnosis may be extremely difficult and the rate of adverse perinatal outcomes is high(AU)

Condrodisplasia punctata rizomélica asociada a hipocalcemia neonatal. Comunicación de un nuevo caso / Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata associated toneonatal hypocalcemia. A report of a new case

La condrodisplasia punctata rizomélica clásica (RCDP) es una enfermedad multisistémica rara, de herencia autosómica recesiva, que se caracteriza por un acortamiento proximal de los miembros, calcificaciones punteadas de las epífisis, cataratas, retraso del desarrollo y mortalidad temprana. Se debe a una disfunción del metabolismo peroxisomal, con un perfil bioquímico característico de cada uno de los diversos defectos de metabolismo peroxisómico (AU)

Classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a rare multisystemic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance that is characterized by proximal shortening of the limbs, punctuate calcifications of the epiphyses, cataracts, developmental delay and early lethality. It´s due to a peroxisomal disorder and exists a biochemical characteristic of each of the various defects in peroxisome metabolism (AU)

Chondrodysplasia punctata: a clinical diagnostic and radiological review.

Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is associated with a number of disorders, including inborn errors of metabolism, involving peroxisomal and cholesterol pathways, embryopathy and chromosomal abnormalities. Several classification systems of the different types of CDP have been suggested earlier. More recently, the biochemical and molecular basis of a number of CDP syndromes has recently been elucidated and a new aetiological classification has emerged. Here we provide an updated version with an overview of the different types of CDP, a discussion of the aetiology and a description of the clinical and radiographic findings. An investigative guideline to help determine the exact diagnosis in new cases is also presented.

[Bilateral cataract in childhood years: always an indication for screening on a metabolic disorder]. / Bilateraal cataract op de kinderleeftijd: altijd een indicatie voor aanvullend onderzoek naar stofwisselingsziekten.

In three young patients who presented with bilateral cataracts the cause proved to be an inherited metabolic disease. The first patient was a newborn aged 7 weeks, in whom galactokinase deficiency was diagnosed. The second patient was a boy aged 8 years with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The third patient was a girl who was diagnosed with cataracts at the age of 3 months. At the age of 4 years the diagnosis 'rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata' was established. Screening for metabolic disorders in all children with bilateral cataracts is essential, as in some disorders progressive and severe symptoms can be avoided with timely initiation of treatment. In addition, diagnosis allows for family studies and genetic counselling to take place. This may result in prevention of disease by early therapeutic intervention and prenatal screening.

Chondrodysplasia punctata and maternal autoimmune disease: a new case and review of the literature.

Classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a rare, autosomal, recessively inherited disorder that is characterized by proximal shortening of the limbs, punctuate calcifications of the epiphyses, cataracts, developmental delay, and early lethality. A distinctive biochemical profile is characteristic for each of the several defects of peroxisomal metabolism. Recently, cases have been described that were not associated with peroxisomal dysfunction. These cases were found to be secondary to teratogen exposure or maternal conditions. Since 1993, there have been 9 reported cases of neonates with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata who were born to mothers with connective tissue disease. We followed a newborn boy with features suggestive of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata whose biochemical studies failed to demonstrate a defect in either plasmalogen or cholesterol biosynthesis. His mother developed systemic lupus erythematosus 8 months after delivery. This case is compared with the previously reported 9 cases from the literature and is instructive in demonstrating a lesser known effect of maternal autoantibodies on the fetus.

Condrodisplasia punctata rizomélica: relato de caso e breve revisão da literatura / Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: a case report and brief literature review

Apresentamos um caso de uma lactente de dois meses de idade acometida pela forma recessiva da condrodisplasia punctata, doença caracterizada, radiologicamente, por acentuado encurtamento proximal e distúrbio de ossificação (epífises puntiformes) dos membros. São enfatizados os achados clínico-radiológicos, bem como seus principais diagnósticos diferenciais, baseados em dados de breve revisão da literatura.

The authors present a case of a 2-month-old infant affected by the recessive form of chondrodysplasia punctata, a rare condition radiologically characterized by severe proximal shortening and anomalous ossification (epiphyseal stippling) of the limbs. Clinical and radiological findings as well as main differential diagnoses are emphasized on the basis of data originating from a brief literature review.